xylem and phloem

Xylem and phloem make up the big transportation system of vascular plants. As you get bigger, it is more difficult to transport nutrients, water, and sugars around your body. You have a circulatory system if you want to keep growing. As plants evolved to be larger, they also developed their own kind of circulatory systems. The main parts you will hear a lot about are called xylem and phloem.

It all starts with a top and a bottom. Logically, it makes sense. Trees and other vascular plants have a top and a bottom. The top has a trunk, branches, leaves, or needles. The bottom is a system of roots. Each needs the other to survive. The roots hold the plant steady and grab moisture and nutrients from the soil. The top is in the light, conducting photosynthesis and helping the plant reproduce. You have to connect the two parts. That's where xylem and phloem come in.

Xylem caries water and disolved nutrients from the roots throughout the plant.

Phloem carries/ distributes the products of photosynthesis (mainly from the leaves) to the rest of the plants.

Xylem is the upward conduction of water while phloem is the upward and downward conduction of food and minerals.

	Phloem	Xylem
Function:	Transportation of food and nutrients from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plant.	Water and mineral transport from roots to aerial parts of the plant.
Movement:	Bidirectional (Moves up or down the plant's stem from "source to sink")	Unidirectional (Moves up the plant's stem)
Occurrence:	Roots, stems and leaves	Roots, stems and leaves
Additional Functions:	Forms vascular bundles with xylem	Forms vascular bundles with phloem and gives mechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignified cells.
Structure:	Tubular with soft walled cells	Tubular with hard walled cells
Elements:	Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, bast fibers, intermediary cells, two tube flow	Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem parenchyma, xylem sclerenchyma
Nature of tissue:	Living tissue	Non living tissue at maturity

MIKAYLA VAN DEN BRENK 7A

bones ,muscles and bones

Bones muscles and joints

our head to our toes, bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of our face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column.

 

The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen, and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.

 

Although they're very light, bones are strong enough to support our entire weight.

 

The human skeleton has 206 bones, which begin to develop before birth. When the skeleton first forms, it is made of flexible cartilage, but within a few weeks it begins the process of ossification. Ossification is when the cartilage is replaced by hard deposits of calcium phosphate and stretchy collagen, the two main components of bone. It takes about 20 years for this process to be completed.

 

The bones of kids and young teens are smaller than those of adults and contain "growing zones" called growth plates. These plates consist of columns of multiplying cartilage cells that grow in length, and then change into hard, mineralized bone. These growth plates are easy to spot on an X-ray. Because girls mature at an earlier age than boys, their growth plates change into hard bone at an earlier age.

respiratory system

What is the respiratory system?      Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that Respiration = Breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide. Parts of the respiratory system Lungs      The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.

 

Trachea      The trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi. Bronchi      The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs. Diaphragm      Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.

 

http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html

nervious system

Nervous system

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.

 

The nervous system includes both the Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system. The Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems.

Your nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Your nervous system controls all your thoughts and movements.

 

Parts of the nervous system:

     The cells that make up the nervous system are called neurons. Long, stringy neurons are perfect for carrying the electrical messages that are the "language" of the nervous system.

 

circulatory system

On average, your body has about 5 liters of blood continually traveling through it by way of the circulatory system. The heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system. The pumping of the heart forces the blood on its journey.

 

The body's circulatory system really has three distinct parts: pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, and systemic circulation. Or, the lungs (pulmonary), the heart (coronary), and the rest of the system (systemic). Each part must be working independently in order for them to all work together.

 

nervious system

Nervous system

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.

 

The nervous system includes both the Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system. The Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems.

Your nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Your nervous system controls all your thoughts and movements.

 

Parts of the nervous system:

     The cells that make up the nervous system are called neurons. Long, stringy neurons are perfect for carrying the electrical messages that are the "language" of the nervous system.

 

digestive system

MIKAYLA VANDEN BRENK

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract—a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food (see figure). Organs that make up the digestive tract

mié 03:22 p.m.

 

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract—a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food (see figure).

Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract.

 

 

MICROSCOPE:

Types of Microscopes:

Compound, Dissection or Stereoscope, Confocal Microscope, Scanning, Electron Microscope (SEM), & Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Creator: Zacharias Janssen

Use/purpose: The main purpose of a microscope is magnifying samples of matter and examining them in detail.

Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.

Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base

Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support

Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place.

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers.

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide.

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above).

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide